Zachraň kolegu https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/home/ first aid practically Tue, 28 May 2024 11:01:23 +0000 en-GB hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.2 https://zachrankolegu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-favicona-pp-32x32.png Zachraň kolegu https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/home/ 32 32 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PROCEDURE https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/traffic-accident-procedure/ Fri, 24 May 2024 14:07:25 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4218 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PROCEDURE Own safety Location of the triangle Traffic accident assistance algorithm

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TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PROCEDURE

  • In the event of a car accident, we stop our own car at a safe distance behind the accident (the distance depends on the location of the accident).
  • Secure the vehicle against movement, switch on the hazard lights and remove the keys from the ignition.
  • Put on a reflective vest, take a first aid kit, mobile phone and warning triangle before getting out of the car.
  • If there are other people in the car with us who will not be giving first aid (children), take them out of the car to a safe distance behind the barriers.
  • We will make the triangle visible at the accident site – in a village it is placed 50 m behind the crashed car (against the direction of travel), on an expressway it is placed 100 m behind the crashed car.
  • If possible, secure the crashed car against movement. Pay attention to non-firing airbags. Climb into the car through the back door, apply the handbrake and remove the keys from the ignition.
  • We then provide first aid on the spot according to the severity of the injuries of the individual participants in the accident.
  • If it is not absolutely necessary (massive bleeding, respiratory arrest) and there is no danger (e.g. fire), then we do not handle or remove the injured from the car. We only check vital signs and fix the head.

Own safety

Location of the triangle

Traffic accident assistance algorithm

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]]> FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/first-aid-for-fractures/ Fri, 24 May 2024 14:03:02 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4215 First aid procedures for fractures - fixation of limb fractures and fixation of head, spine and pelvic injuries.

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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES

Causes of fractures

  • falls
  • impacts
  • high-energy injuries (e.g. in a car accident)
  • pressure on bones/joints

Types of bone/joint injuries

  • closed fractures
  • open fractures
  • dislocations

Fixation of limb fractures

  • If a three-pointed scarf is available, make it into a sling.
  • A splint can also be used.
  • In the case of fractures of the lower limbs, leave the injured person in the relief position and wait until the arrival of the ambulance.

Fixation of head, spine and pelvic injuries

  • Under no circumstances will we allow the injured person to move, stand or turn their head.
  • Fix the head on the ground/mat with both hands, communicate with the person and call the emergency number 112.
  • We fix in traffic accidents, falls from height and high-energy injuries.
  • We often don’t know the fracture, but we have to assume it!

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]]> THE STOP OF THE BLEEDING https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/the-stop-of-the-bleeding/ Fri, 24 May 2024 13:58:46 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4212 THE STOP OF THE BLEEDING Causes of bleeding ATTENCION! In case of massive bleeding, there is the least time to save the affected person. After…

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THE STOP OF THE BLEEDING

Causes of bleeding

  • traffic accidents
  • serious workplace accidents (accidents with machines, saws, circular saws, …)
  • carelessness with sharp objects
  • amputation injuries
  • open fractures

ATTENCION!

In case of massive bleeding, there is the least time to save the affected person. After 1-1.5 minutes of massive bleeding, a person loses such a large amount of blood that rescue is no longer possible. Therefore, we first stop the bleeding and only then call the emergency medical service.

In general, pressure works to stop bleeding. Depending on the site of injury, there are 4 ways to stop bleeding:

  • wound pressure
  • pressure dressing
  • tourniquet
  • wound packing

FIRST AID PROCEDRE FOR BLEEDING

  • Environmental control
  • Pressure directly on the wound with own hand/fingers
  • Use of gloves
  • Applying pressure to the wound
  • Anti-shock measures
  • Calling the 112 emergency line

Environmental control

  • Look around for hazards and secure the source of the injury (switch off the machine, put away sharp objects, etc.).
  • Use disposable gloves or another alternative (plastic bag, plastic bag, etc.)

Pressure directly on the wound with own hand/fingers

Ask the injured person to apply pressure to the wound with their own hand or fingers (depending on the size of the wound).

Use of gloves

If the injured person presses directly on the wound, use disposable gloves or an alternative (plastic bag, …).

Applying pressure to the wound

Push directly into the bleeding wound with your hand or fingers and apply pressure.

Pressure bandage

  • Insert one unrolled bandage directly into the wound and create pressure by bandaging with the other. The ideal is to use one conventional hydrophilic and the other elastic.
  • If the dressing is leaking (blood is getting out on top of the dressing), press firmly with your own hands on the wound through the dressing.

Tourniquet

  • We use it for devastating and amputation injuries, or when we cannot stop bleeding with pressure or pressure bandages.
  • We always use the tourniquet only on the upper part of the limb (thigh, arm above the elbow) above the wound.
  • A tourniquet  is properly applied if the wound has stopped bleeding.
  • When a tourniquet is applied, indicate the time it was applied so that this information is available to the rescuer.

 Wound Packing

  • We use it mainly in places where a tourniquet or pressure bandage cannot be used (e.g. groin, armpits).
  • We use on deep wounds or devastating injuries with great depth.
  • We expose the wound site and gradually fill the wound with a bandage or gauze so that the bandage fills the entire wound area.
  • We then apply pressure to the wound through the swabbed dressing.

Anti-shock measures

  • The person is always treated in a sitting or lying position.
  • If the person is pale, faint, tired or nauseous, we need to call the emergency number 112.
  • If the injured person is cold, cover them with isothermal foil from the first aid kit or a blanket or clothing (e.g. jacket, sweatshirt).

Calling the 112 emergency line

  • Use the speakerphone.
  • Never hang up first.
  • Wait for questions.

First aid algorithm for bleeding

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]]> FIRST AID FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/first-aid-for-unconsciousness/ Fri, 24 May 2024 13:04:42 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4207 FIRST AID FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS Causes of unconsciousness FIRST AID PROCEDURE FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS Environmental control We look around and remove the danger if possible (thinking of…

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FIRST AID FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS

Causes of unconsciousness

  • non-accidental – e.g. alcohol poisoning, hypoglycaemia, epileptic seizure, stroke
  • traumatic – concussion, bruising or damage to the skull and brain

FIRST AID PROCEDURE FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS

  • Environmental control
  • Addressing, shaking
  • Airway clearance + breathing check
  • Body alignment of the casualty + pocket search
  • Placing the casualty in a stable position
  • Calling the emergency number 112

Environmental control

We look around and remove the danger if possible (thinking of our own safety).

Addressing, shaking

  • We loudly address the injured person, “Hello sir/madam, can you hear me?”
  • If the person does not respond → step forward and shake both shoulders.

Airway clearance + breathing check

  • Place the edge of your hand on their forehead and put two fingers under their chin.
  • Bend the head backwards.
  • Check the breathing with the three senses, ideally for 7 seconds, but no more than 10 seconds.
  • oko

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • vzduch

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • ucho

    we can hear the inhale and exhale

Body alignment of the casualty + pocket search

  • We check the pockets and warning signs – whether the person has an insulin pump on his/her body or belt, or an insulin pen in his/her pocket, etc.
  • Adjust the limbs.
  • Turn the casualty on his/her side towards you. Straighten the arm under the head and tilt the head to ensure airway patency.

Placing the casualty in a stable position

  • Adjust the person on the side so that they have stability.
  • Always make sure that the head is back and the person is still breathing.
  • Check breathing at least once a minute.

Calling the emergency number 112

  • Use the speakerphone.
  • Never hang up first.
  • Wait for questions.

First aid algorithm for unconsciousness

Traumatic unconsciousness

In case of traumatic unconsciousness, NEVER put the victim in a stabilized position. In these cases there is a high risk of spinal, head and pelvic injuries, therefore we do not manipulate the injured person, we only ensure the airway patency by tilting the head and wait until the arrival of the ambulance.

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]]> BURNS https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/burns/ Fri, 24 May 2024 13:00:47 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4204 FIRST AID FOR BURNS

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FIRST AID FOR BURNS

Causes

Causes of burning

FIRST AID PROCEDURE

Checking the surroundings and your own safety

  • look around – check the surroundings for danger (shut down from heat)
  • putting on protective gloves (or other alternatives)

Immediate cooling with clean cold water

  • Always cool burns with clean cold tap water for 20 min or until it brings relief
  • Do not remove stuck clothing or melted bracelets!
  • Remove rings or watches, chains only under cold water

After cooling + medical treatment

  • After sufficient cooling, when we go to seek medical attention, cover the burn with non-stick film (e.g. food wrap).
  • Call 112 when there are extensive burns, deep burns, and when the injured person is unable to come to on their own or has symptoms of shock.

Injury to the eye

  • When the eye is burned /shot, flush the eye with clean water.
  • For dirt or chemicals, use an eye shower.
Oční sprcha

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]]> USE OF AED DURING CPR https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/use-of-aed-during-cpr/ Sat, 11 May 2024 19:43:24 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4111 Through an AED, a controlled electrical discharge called defibrillation can be delivered, which can restore normal heart rhythm.

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USE OF AED DURING CPR

Up to 80 %of heart failure regardless of the origin of the cause, the first minutes have a heart rhythm disturbance – ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia. Through an AED, a controlled electrical discharge called defibrillation can be delivered, which can restore normal heart rhythm.

If defibrillation is performed 3-5 minutes after sudden collapse, the probability of restoration of cardiac circulation increases to 50-75 %. Thus, public access to AEDs represents a chance of early defibrillation before the arrival of the emergency services.

AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED) 

An AED is a device with voice guidance that can help save a person in sudden circulatory arrest by delivering a defibrillation shock. The AED is a microprocessor-controlled device that can be operated by both untrained and trained rescuers. The AED helps restore the heart to a normal rhythm.

Find out where the nearest AED is in your area!

THE PROCEDURE OF CPR WITH AED

  • Environmental control
  • Addressing injured person, shaking by the shoulders
  • Head tilt and breathing check
  • Calling the emergency line 112 and fetching the AED
  • Applying the AED and listening to instructions

Environmental control

We look around and if necessary remove any possible danger (thinking of our own safety).

Addressing injured person, shaking by the shoulders

We loudly address the injured person, “Hello sir/madam, can you hear me?”

If the person does not respond → step forward and shake both shoulders.

Airway clearance and control of breathing

Place the edge of your hand on their forehead and put two fingers under their chin.

Bend the head backwards.

Check breathing ideally for 7 seconds, but no more than 10 seconds..

  • oko

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • vzduch

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • ucho

    we can hear the inhale and exhale

!!! Watch out for “carp breathing”, which occurs in more than 50 %of people with cardiac arrest. So-called terminal labored breathing is accompanied by breaths at strikingly long intervals (” occasionally inhaling”), resembling the breathing of a carp after it has been taken out of the water. Gasping breathing is considered a sign of cardiac arrest and requires immediate initiation of resuscitation.

Calling the 112 emergency line and bringing an AED

We’ll use the speakerphone.

We never hang up the phone first.

We are waiting for questions.

WHERE are we located?

WHAT happened?

WHO did it happen to?

The operator can announce that there is an AED in the proximity

Pokračuj v poskytovaní KPR podľa možnosti v pomere 30:2 do ďalšej analýzy rytmu, ktorá sa spustí automaticky za 2 min.

Pokiaľ nie je možné podanie záchranných vdychov, vykonávame iba kompresie hrudníku.

Pamätajte na to, že štandardne AED môžete používať pre nedýchajúce osoby staršie ako 8 rokov a o minimálnej váhe 25 kg. Niektoré defibrilátory však umožňujú prepnúť do tzv. detského režimu. Aj ten môže byť použitý laikom. Ak potrebujete defibrilovať dieťa od 1 roku do 8 rokov veku a vaše AED nemá detský režim, môžete použiť štandardný režim pro dospelých, ale dbajte na to, aby nedošlo k vzájomnému dotknutiu elektród.

Bringing the AED + switching it on

The use of an AED does not take precedence over performing CPR. If you are alone at the scene, do not leave the patient; if an AED is not available in your immediate proximity, perform quality CPR.

Initiate CPR and in the meantime ask others present to bring the AED. Turn on the AED and follow visual or audible instructions.

Application of electrodes

Remove the clothing around the chest of the victim. Make sure the person’s chest is dry or if necessary dry it.

Apply the electrodes as shown on the patient’s exposed chest, if possible, do not interrupt cardiac massage while the electrodes are being applied.

The electrodes must not touch each other after gluing. As standard, place one electrode on the right side of the sternum below the clavicle and the other electrode on the left side of the chest towards the axilla, so that the centre of the electrode is approximately at the level of the nipple (anterolateral position).

Instruction „HEART RHYTHM ANALYSIS“

During rhythm analysis, interrupt CPR and check that no one is touching the patient. Touching may interrupt the AED analysis. Alert others present aloud and also use the gesture ” Do not touch the patient.”

Instruction „THE SHOCK IS RECOMMENDED”

The shock recommended – Check that the patient is not being touched and press the flashing button to administer the shock.

Once the shock is administered, start CPR again and continue until the next rhythm analysis, which starts automatically in 2 min.

Instruction „THE SHOCK IS NOT RECOMMENDED“

The shock is not recommended – Continue providing CPR until the next rhythm analysis, which starts automatically in 2 min.

Instruction „START WITH CPR“

Continue to provide CPR if possible at a 30:2 ratio until the next rhythm analysis, which starts automatically in 2 min.

If rescue breaths cannot be administered, perform chest compressions only.

Remember that you can use a standard AED for non-breathing people over 8 years of age and with a minimum weight of 25 kg. However, some defibrillators allow you to switch to ‘child mode’. Even this can be used by a non-professional. If you need to defibrillate a child aged 1 to 8 years and your AED does not have a child mode, you can use the standard adult mode, but make sure that the electrodes do not touch each other.

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]]> CPR https://zachrankolegu.eu/en/cpr/ Sat, 11 May 2024 18:52:44 +0000 https://zachrankolegu.eu/?p=4089 The goal of CPR is to restore the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain. The main success factor is the speed of initiation and the effectiveness of the resuscitation.

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CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

  • Solving a condition where a person is unconscious and not breathing.
  • The goal of CPR is to restore the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain. The main success factor is the speed of initiation and the effectiveness of the resuscitation. After 4-5 min from the cessation of circulation of oxygenated blood in the brain, brain cells begin to die irreversibly at normal temperature. Even if professional rescuers later manage to restore circulation, higher brain functions are permanently damaged. 

What are the causes (the person is unconscious and not breathing)?

Cardiac (heart)

  • myocardial infarction
  • ventricular fibrillation
  • mechanical damage

Non-cardiac (not directly related to heart)

  • drowning
  • suffocation by a foreign object
  • bleeding to death,…

CPR PROCEDURE FOR AN ADULT

  • Environmental control
  • Addressing, shaking
  • Head tilt and breathing check
  • Call 112
  • 30 chest compressions: 2 rescue breaths continuously until arrival of the ambulance OR
  • Chest compressions continuously until arrival of paramedics

Environmental control

We will look around and remove the danger if possible (thinking of our own safety).

Addressing injured person, shaking by both shoulders

We loudly address the injured person, “Hello sir/madam, can you hear me?”

If the person does not respond → step forward and shake both shoulders.

Airway clearance and control of breathing

Place the edge of your hand on your forehead and put two fingers under your chin.

Bend the head backwards.

Check breathing ideally for 7 seconds, but no more than 10 seconds.

By tilting the head, the airway is cleared → the tongue pulls away from the top palate.  

!!!  Watch out for “carp breathing”, which occurs in more than 50% of people with cardiac arrest. So-called terminal labored breathing is accompanied by breaths at strikingly long intervals (“intermittent gasps”), resembling the breathing of a carp after it has been pulled out of the water. Gasping breathing is considered a sign of cardiac arrest and requires immediate initiation of resuscitation.

  • oko

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • vzduch

    we observe the chest rising and falling

  • ucho

    we can hear the inhale and exhale

Calling the 112 emergency line

Use the speakerphone.

Never hang up first.

Wait for questions.

WHERE are we located?

WHAT happened?

WHO did it happen to?

Chest compression

Perform 30 chest compressions and administer 2 rescue breaths (or continuous chest compressions)

Compress chest 5-6 cm deep on a firm support (not a mattress, for example)

Compression rate 100–120 compressions per minute (performed to the rhythm of the song “Jingle Bells” or “Stayin’ Alive”)

Compression is performed in the centre of the chest with both hands, but only the edge of the palm compresses.

Determining where to perform chest compressions: It is located in the middle of the chest between the clavicle and the last arch of the ribs (the site is marked with a green circle).   

Visualization of effectively performed CPR

Rescue breaths

Tilt the head back (pulling on the chin and forehead).

Pinch the nose with your thumb and forefinger.

When inhaled correctly, the chest will rise.

The rescue breath should take 1 second and the total time of interruption of compressions should not be longer than 5 seconds!

For your own protection, you can use a resuscitation cover or a resuscitation mask (included with the automated external defibrillator – AED) when giving rescue breaths.

When we don’t have to give rescue breaths?

  • With damage to the oral cavity (bloody oral cavity, vomit);
  • Risk of infection and no resuscitation cover/mask available (unknown person);
  • Rescuer is not trained

Rescue breaths do not need to be given in these cases. It is sufficient to perform without interruption chest compressions.

When can we end CPR?

  • Restoration of cardiac activity occurs, manifestations: awakening of the affected person, spontaneous movement, opening of the eyes, coughing.
  • Complete physical exhaustion of the rescuer.

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